I am having the exact same issue. I;ve followed this thread and see the same issues. Have tried the same solutions and still get issues. I have updated and am running Office365 after upgrade. have re run all patches and upgrades for Office and windows. still i get the prompt that it cant login. Am using win7.
This has worked fine at my office. and iphone everywhere. but my home office pc refuses to connect. v frustrating. And seems way overly complex when there are just the three variables that are needed. If my iPhone can connect without having to be updated or follow complex upgrades etc - why cant a Microsoft product?